Crunchfish

As the world moves toward digital money, offline capability has become essential for resilience, inclusion, and payment continuity. But how offline payment is implemented makes all the difference. This whitepaper analyses the two dominant offline payment modes.

The whitepaper highlights why Deferred Offline Mode, where digitally signed payment instructions (IOUs) are exchanged and settled upon reconnection, delivers superior security, scalability, and interoperability compared to hardware-dependent Immediate Offline Mode. Deferred Offline Mode offers a much better path for CBDC and commercial payments networks to offline payments.

“As societies digitalize rapidly, offline payment capability is no longer optional, it is fundamental to national resilience. This whitepaper shows that Deferred Offline Mode offers a secure, scalable path for central banks and commercial payment networks to deliver cash-like reliability without the systemic risks of transferring hardware-bound value tokens in offline mode. Crunchfish’s Digital Cash solution provides exactly this capability as a ready-to-implement Layer-2 solution for central banks and commercial payment networks” says Joachim Samuelsson, CEO, Crunchfish.

Download the whitepaper: www.crunchfish.com

For more information, please contact:

Joachim Samuelsson, CEO of Crunchfish AB

+46 708 46 47 88

joachim.samuelsson@crunchfish.com 

This information was provided by the above for publication on 4th December 2025 at 08:30 CET.

Västra Hamnen Corporate Finance AB is the Certified Adviser. Email: ca@vhcorp.se. Telephone +46 40 200 250.

About Crunchfish – crunchfish.com

Crunchfish is a deep fintech company providing a Digital Cash solution enabling offline payments. The solution is designed for banks, payment services, and Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC). Crunchfish Digital Cash augments payment systems by offering resilience in case of lost internet connections or server failures. The company, with headquarters in Malmö, Sweden and a subsidiary in India, is listed on Nasdaq First North Growth Market since 2016.